Розглянуто основні форми протидії розслідуванню шахрайства, вчиненого організованими злочинними групами у сфері житлового будівництва. Наголошено, що важливе місце у подоланні протидії розслідуванню посідають тактичні операції, основними серед яких є: «Попередження зникнення підозрюваного», «Захист свідків», «Захист доказів», «Виявлення та нейтралізація протидії з боку корумпованих посадових осіб». Сформовано комплекс рекомендацій, спрямованих на подолання і запобігання протидії розслідуванню організованої злочинної діяльності шахраїв у сфері житлового будівництва.

Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що дисертація є першим у вітчизняній криміналістичній науці комплексним монографічним дослідженням, у якому розроблено криміналістичну характеристику шахрайства, вчиненого організованою злочинною групою у сфері житлового будівництва, а також сформульовано низку наукових положень, висновків та практичних рекомендацій щодо основних положень його розслідування.

Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що сформульовані у дисертації положення, висновки й рекомендації можуть бути використані: у практичній діяльності правоохоронних органів - як рекомендації щодо досудового розслідування шахрайства у сфері житлового будівництва (акт впровадження у практичну діяльність Сумського ВП ГУНП в Сумській області від 5 вересня 2017 р.); у навчальному процесі вищих навчальних закладів - при викладенні навчального курсу криміналістики та спеціальних курсів з розслідування окремих видів злочинів (акт впровадження у навчальний процес факультету № 6 Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ від 7 вересня 2017 р.); у науково-дослідній роботі - для подальшого вдосконалення криміналістичної методики розслідування шахрайства, вчиненого організованою злочинною групою у сфері житлового будівництва.

Ключові слова: шахрайство, організована злочинна група, житлове будівництво, криміналістична характеристика злочинів, основні положення розслідування, протидія розслідуванню.

Summary

Opanasenko N.O. Criminalistic characteristics and the substantive provisions of the investigation of fraud, committed by organized crime groups in the field of housing construction. - Qualification scientific work on the rights of manuscript.

Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Science in Law. Speciality 12.00.09 - criminal procedure and criminalistics; forensic examination; operatively-search activity. - Academy of Advocacy of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2018.

The dissertation is devoted to the study of criminalistic characteristics and the substantive provisions of the investigation of fraud, committed by organized crime groups in the field of housing construction. According to the results of the research, conclusions, suggestions and recommendations, which can have both theoretical and practical significance, have been formed.

The author substantiates that fraud in the sphere of housing construction should be classified as a class of economic crimes. It have been concluded that in the criminalistic aspect, fraud in the sphere of housing construction, committed by an organized group, should be considered as a criminal activity of special subjects in the field of housing construction, who, using shortcomings in the current legislation, specific ways of acquiring housing in the primary market estate and corruption relations with officials of state bodies, by deception and abuse of trust, have got hold of investors' money under the obligation to carry out the construction of a residential property.

Based on the study of scientific sources, normative legal acts, analysis and generalization of investigative and judicial practice, criminalistic description of fraud, committed by organized crime groups in the field of housing construction has been formed. The notion of criminalistic characteristics of fraud, committed by an organized criminal group in the field of housing construction, has been defined. It should be understood as a system of generalized investigative and judicial practice of forensically meaningful information about the elements, characterizing the object of a criminal encroachment, typical ways of preparing for a crime, ways of occupation the funds of investors, ways of concealing traces of organized criminal activity of fraudsters, criminal roles of members of an organized group of scammers, their personal character and corruption ties, the specifics of the circumstances of the crime, victim's person, typical traces of organized crime activity, and the correlation between them, which are important for detecting signs of fraud in the primary real estate market and its investigation in a particular investigative situation.

The subject of a criminal encroachment of an organized group of scammers in the field of housing construction has been revealed: 1) own funds or loan investments of physical persons-investors in national or foreign currency; 2) funds of legal persons-investors - attachment of private ownership; 3) target budget funds provided by the state social housing programs for financing housing construction; 4) funds of legal persons-investors which are invested in the authorized capital of the developer company.

Elements of the method of fraud, committed by an organized group in the field of housing construction have been identified and analyzed: ways of preparation to commit a crime; ways of criminal capture of cash funds of investors; ways of concealing traces of organized criminal activity in the primary real estate market.

The types of corruption findings of organized groups of scammers in the field of housing construction have been distinguished, namely: corrupt relations with officials of the territorial bodies of architectural and construction control and supervision; corruption relations with officials of local self-government bodies; corruption relations with public officials of state financial control bodies; corruption relations with officials of banking and financial institutions.

The peculiarities of the structural composition of the organized group of scammers in the sphere of housing construction have been revealed. The criminal roles and functions of the subject structure of the organized group have been determined. The generalized characteristic of the personality of the leader (organizer) and performers of organized criminal groups of scammers has been given.

It has concluded that the members of the organized group during the implementation of fraud in the sphere of housing construction use: a) the existing housing situation as an element of criminal fraud technology to achieve criminal intent; b) the situation, which fraudsters specially had created in order to seize the funds of investors. The objective and subjective factors which contribute to the realization of the criminal intentions by the organized group of fraudsters have been determined.

It has been established that victims of fraud committed by an organized group in the field of housing construction can be recognized: physical persons-investors, to which, as a result of criminal acts of fraudsters (members of an organized group) material and moral damage had been inflicted; legal persons-investors, who were the subject of fraudulent activities. A generalized analysis of the victim's physical person has been carried out, depending on the demographic, sociological and personality characteristics of the individual. The types of legal persons-victims have been singled out.

It has been determined that the typical traces of organized crime in the sphere of housing construction are: documents; traces-items, remained in the office of the developer company; traces of unfinished or "frozen" construction; traces of hands that remain by scammers on documents, seals and stamps, computer equipment; reflection of certain circumstances of scam's actions in the consciousness of victims, witnesses and suspects (perfect traces of a crime); traces of computer information (virtual traces of a crime).

Depending on the completeness of the source data about the circumstances of the fraudulent encroachment and the available information about the suspects (members of an organized criminal group), the typical investigation situations which consist at the initial stage of fraud investigation committed by an organized group in the field of housing construction have been highlighted. In order to solve them, complexes of investigative (search), secret investigators (searches) actions and organizational measures have been offered. The typical investigative versions have been selected, which should be checked at the initial stage of the investigation of the specified category of crimes.

It has been revealed that tactical peculiarities of conducting a review of the place of the event in the investigation of fraud in the sphere of housing construction depend on the types of survey objects that are: a) office space (offices, workshops) - places where unlawful agreements on investment in housing construction had concluded; b) residential buildings. The basic tasks of the review of the specified objects are determined. The peculiarities of the preparation, execution and fixation of investigative (search) action have been revealed.

It has been established that in the investigation of fraud in the sphere of housing construction, the following groups of documents are subject to investigation: 1) documents certifying the right to engage in construction activities (permit documentation); 2) design and estimate documentation; 3) documents of accounting and financial reporting; 4) documents used by the firm-developer during the construction activity (documentation of economic-contractual activities); 5) organizational and administrative documents of the firm-developer; 6) other documentary sources of information. Signs of forgery that can be detected by the investigator during the examination of documents in the investigation of fraud in the field of housing construction have been highlighted. The peculiarities of examination of documents during the investigation of the specified category of proceedings had been considered.

The range of circumstances to be clarified during the interrogations of victims and witnesses in the investigation of fraud in the sphere of housing construction has been determined. Nine categories of witnesses of this crime have been identified and it is determined that the question of questioning a witness depends on what information the interrogator owns. It has been emphasized that the tactic of interrogation of a witness in the investigation of the specified category of crimes depends on the investigative situation, consisting - conflict or non-conflict. Conflict situations of questioning of the witness have been singled out and tactical receptions aimed at neutralizing such situations have been offered.

The object of interrogation of a suspect - a member of an organized criminal group has been determined. Conflict situations of interrogation of a suspect - a member of an organized criminal group have been out and tactical receptions aimed at neutralizing a conflict situation have been offered.